Meaning of Professionalism and Why Healthcare Providers Are Held to Higher Standard of Accountability

Criminal Justice System Kimberly Cruse Kaplan University October 14, 2012 CJ150: Juvenile Delinquency The current juvenile justice system (JJS) has evolved over the past century with numerous differences that distinguish it from the criminal justice system (CJS). Juvenile justice proponents argued that the youth posses diminished responsibility as well as legal understanding. The earliest court started in Chicago, in 1899. A century later, there has been considerable debate on the goals as well as the legal procedures for handling juvenile offenders.The most intriguing question is whether to treat juvenile offenders differently than adult offenders. This debate draws numerous opinions from citizens, policy makers, and specialists (Edwards, 2008). Initially, the establishment of the JJS targeted individualized justice, and it focused on rehabilitation of youthful offenders. However, although there were other outstanding mitigations, the court superseded with its emphasis on care and r ehabilitation of the juvenile offenders.Consequently, the proponents upheld the youth responsible for their unlawful behavior. In addition, they asserted that society needed protection through an informal justice system (IJS). This would focus on the suitable treatment and children’s interests. Moreover, this approach is still applicable and effective for numerous juvenile offenders whose crimes state offenses and property offenses to drug offenses. Sources have revealed that a number of states have adopted separate programs within the adult correctional centers.Florida and South Carolina are the two states that have established different facilities for housing juvenile inmates. The age range is the key determinant of which youth ought to be housed in such facilities. In the above-mentioned states, the two age ranges are between 18 and 21, or 18 and 25. I also support the idea of housing them in different facilities thus avoiding cases of mistreatment (Elrod & Ryder, 2011). C urrent sources have revealed a rise in the fraction of cases processed in the juvenile court system.For instance, the number of cases processed in such courts in 2005 was 1. 6 million. The research has shown that the drug law violation, public order offense, and property offense cases are among those dealt with in a juvenile court. The graphs show an increase, along with a decline in the number of cases directed to juvenile courts for processing (Elrod & Ryder, 2011). It is notable that, in each state, government has ensured the existence of a court to handle crimes committed by juvenile offenders.Judges who are responsible for handling this category of criminals must have specialized in juvenile, together with domestic relation issues. The state of Massachusetts has made some innovations through the formation of a statewide juvenile court, which lies under the trial court. It has its chief justice and many divisions across the state. I would also implement such an idea, as it would bring such services closer to the people (Elrod & Ryder, 2011). There are numerous reasons behind the transfer of juvenile offenders to adult courts.The magnitude of offenses committed by some of the juveniles, for instance, fails to offer them the merit endowed to juveniles whose cases are conducted in juvenile courts. The transfer of such youths is beneficial to themselves as they are in a position to learn about the seriousness of their mistakes, therefore, trying to avoid them since they become aware of the repercussions. Moreover, such an action is beneficial to the society; as these youths do not have the freedom to walk about freely in their communities.Finally, these transfers benefit the system, as it is intricate to handle some cases committed by juveniles, while in juvenile courts. In case of a transfer, youths become adults legally and face similar treatment to that for adults. After a careful examination of the reasons behind such transfers, I strongly support this pra ctice. Currently, three main mechanisms are applicable for transfer of a juvenile to an adult court. As depicted in this source, the first mechanism is the judicial waiver, which has been in application since ancient epochs. A number of elements distinguish it from other mechanisms.For instance, the examination of the likely reasons for the juvenile to have committed the crime is among the basic elements. Secondly, it becomes necessary to consider the threats of such a youth to the society (Elrod and Ryder, 2011). Moreover, it considers the system to which the juvenile court system can effectively handle such a case. In a scenario, whereby the case is so serious, a careful evaluation of how the adult court can handle such a case becomes a point of focus. The other mechanism known as the legislative waiver has been in use, in various states of America.This mechanism forms its decision on the age, along with the offense criterion of the juvenile. The third and final mechanism is the p rosecutorial waiver. This is different from the other two mechanisms as it permits a concurrent jurisdiction in the two dissimilar court systems. Similarly, both the age together with the offense criterion demand cautious considerations. A number of problems arise in case of transferring juveniles to an adult court for trial. The decision to transfer these youths can bring adverse consequences to the youths.Prosecution of these youths in open criminal courts exposes them to criminals known to have committed serious offenses than them. Eventually, they may resort into learning how to commit similar crimes. Additionally, erosion of their civil rights is a problem allied to such a transfer. In various scenarios, such a transfer fails to curb the increasing rate of recidivism, therefore, the deterioration of the security of community’s security. It would be crucial to transfer only those cases that the juvenile court cannot address with efficacy.If I was a judge, the state would have to prove to me that the juvenile court would find it intricate to handle such a case, together with the effectiveness of the needed superior court (Elrod and Ryder, 2011). References Edwards, J. (2008). Introduction to the juvenile justice system. Raleigh, NC: lulu. com publishers Elrod, P. & Ryder. (2011). Juvenile justice: a social, historical, and legal perspective. Sunbury, MA: Jones &Bartlett learning publishers. Siegel, L. J. (2011). Juvenile delinquency: The core (4th ed. ). Mason: Cengage Learning/Wadsworth.

Response Paper Essay

In Paths of Globalization from the Berbers to Bach, Yo-Yo Ma (2008) states that cultural conventions compose an important organization for personality, social steadiness and compassionate interactions in the globalized world. To support this statement, he came up with several ideas. Although globalization is always thought to make people obey to others’ rule and thus threaten their own identities, the interactions it brought don’t only damage culture, and can produce new culture and strengthen and propagate the old traditions. He also mentions that looking deeply inside the world’s conventions is a good method to discover the world. What’s more, he states that for traditions, a best method to survive is organic evolution, which need to use all available tools. The exhibition of a tradition to other countries can make practitioners in the home country more energetic. Finally, he talked about the four priorities of education that are significant but are uneasy to measure and could be ignored in this competitive hierarchical world driven by exams and measurable sequent, which are memorizing contents with communication, education driven by enthusiasm, the growth of a disciplined vision and sympathy. Among all the ideas, there are two ideas attract me. The first one is that globalization can create new culture, and the second one is that exhibiting a tradition in other country can energize the practitioners in the origin country. Both ideas are interesting to me and I would like to response to them. Response Yo-Yo Ma (2008) indicates that the reactions brought by globalization don’t always damage culture, they can also produce new culture and enhance and spread old traditions. I agree with this issue. A good example can be the American-Chinese food. With the globalization, the American fast food competitions with food in other culture and exposed some shortcomings like unhealthy. However, fast food developed and quickly absorbed the advantages of its opponents, for example, Chinese food, and developed a new type of food known as American-Chinese food. A great example can be the famous dish Beef w. Broccoli. This dish, is a typical American Chinese dish. It combines the convenience of fast food and the balance between vegetable and meat of Chinese food. This is a good example of new culture created by globalization, and no doubt that the fast food culture grown stronger in  this example. Yo-Yo Ma (2008) also mentioned that the presentation of tradition in foreign country can enhance the practitioners in its homeland. I also agree with this idea, since I myself can relate to it. Confucius is an educator in ancient Chin, and his theories is one of the most famous Chinese traditions. However, as time passed many people seem not to care Confucius’ theory. However, when the news shows that the Confucius Institution made huge success in America, the people in China gained passion on Confucius. This shows how the present of tradition could abroad could enhance the development of it in the origin country. Conclusion As a conclusion, in these situations, the globalization have effects such as create new culture and help traditions develop. I highly agree with Yo-Yo Ma’s thesis that globalization have a positive effect on traditions.

Causes And Effects Of Overpopulation - 1073 Words

What are the effects of overpopulation? Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing people on earth exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth. However, overpopulation has not always been a problem. At the dawn of agriculture, 8000 B.C., the population was approximately 5 million. 8000 years later, 1 A.D., the number of people existing on earth was between 200-300 million. That’s a growth rate under 0,05% per year. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolution. It took over 10.000 years to exceed one billion people living on earth, however we reached the next billion in only 130 years, the third billion in 30 years, the forth in 15 years and the fifth in 13 years. During the 20th century alone, the†¦show more content†¦Now that we know some of the main causes to overpopulation we can talk about the effects. There are several effects and consequences of human overpopulation. Loss of fresh water, increased global warming and climate change, species extinction, lower life expectancy and depletion of Natural Resources are some of the countless effects. In short term, the loss of fresh water is the most severe of all the consequences. Water is the foundation of all animal and plant life on earth, we can’t live without it. The earth is often called the blue planet because 70% of it is covered in water, so you would not think access to water would be a problem, however only 2,5% of all the water on earth is fresh water. 70% of the fresh water is stored in glaciers and icecaps. The other 30% is divided in to rivers, groundwater and lakes. Most of the fresh water are either polluted or unreachable, that leaves about 0,003% of the water drinkable. It is estimated that by 2025 more than 50% of the world’s population will be facing water based vulnerability. Furthermore, a report from 2009 by the 2030 Water Resources Group suggest that by 2030 the demand for water will exceed supply by 50% in many developing countries. â€Å"As human populations grow, so will the problem of clean fresh water availability. We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.† ~Thomas Fuller. Another serious effect of human overpopulation is global warming. According to the Center for BiologicalShow MoreRelatedCauses and Effects of Overpopulation3400 Words   |  14 Pages| | The Population Explosion: Causes and Consequences by Carolyn Kinder Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute (2012) Until recently, birth rates and death rates were about the same, keeping the population stable. People had many children, but a large number of them died before age five. During the Industrial Revolution, a period of history in Europe and North America where there were great advances in science and technology, the success in reducing death rates was attributable to several factorsRead More Pet Overpopulation: Cause and Effect of Homeless Pets Essay619 Words   |  3 Pageswhen I realize I cannot adopt every homeless pet. The pet population is a increasing crisis in America. In this essay I will discuss the cause and effect of homeless pets, I will begin by explain the anatomy that contributes to pet overpopulation, then I will discuss the consequences encompassing animal breeding, then I will examine the social stance that effects pets, lastly I will conclude by suggesting solutions. First, I will begin by introducing the correlation between anatomy and the petRead MoreProblems Caused By Overpopulation Is The Rise Of A Place Populated With Excessively Large Numbers879 Words   |  4 PagesProblems Caused by Overpopulation in Cities Overpopulation is ‘The condition of a place populated with excessively large numbers’. It is considered a problem in many senses, since it causes a number of issues for various different reasons. One major issue caused by overpopulation is the rise of unemployment. This is when people actively seeking employment or just people that are able to work remain unemployed. Overpopulation causes this because the amount of jobs available would be the same as beforeRead MoreThe Effects Of Overpopulation On The Human Population1532 Words   |  7 Pageswhole. Overpopulation, the condition where an area holds more people than in which the area can properly function, is a serious issue which has many adverse effects on the well-being of a healthy human population. A growing seven billion people live on Earth and factors such as pollution, and human well being may all be affected by overpopulation, and continued growth in population will cause an even greater impact on society, individuals, and the environment. The effects of overpopulation is a multi-layeredRead MoreOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreThe Environmental Impact of Overpopulation Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesto grow through the decades. The increasingly large number of people that have become apart of the world population has become a major problem. The consequences of the world being over populated has numerous effects which include: Environmental effects, depletion of natural resources, effects on the economy, food and water instability, and mass species extinction. Without a solution to the rise in human population, by the year 2020, 8 billion people will liv e on earth and by the year 2050, 9 billionRead MoreOverpopulation Is More Than Just A Crowded Planet1343 Words   |  6 Pagesas a sign of success considering the causes of a rapidly growing population include improved health care, new technology, progressive eras such as the Industrial Revolution, and an overall developing human race (Kinder). However, the current world population no longer signifies progression; it signifies regression. Today, the Earth’s human population is approaching overpopulation. Overpopulation is more than just a crowded planet. The definition of overpopulation is, â€Å"†¦too many people for the amountRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not An Issue1357 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is not an issue many people in developing countries face at this point in time. Put simply, overpopulation is â€Å"the condition of having a population so dense that it causes environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster). It should not be taken lightly because it cannot be reversed in a short time period. Changes must be made gradually so that future generations do not suffer consequences that current generations have place uponRead MoreThe Problem Of Overpopulation And Overpopulation872 Words   |  4 PagesHuman overpopulation. Human population can be defined as the condition whereby, the total count of the human inhabiting a certain area exceeds the carrying capacity of the area Bongaarts, (2011). This brings out an issue of the carrying capacity of the region which alludes to the number of individuals who can inhabit a certain area for a given period. It may also be looked at as the situation whereby the available renewable resources in a certain area can satisfactorily support the current population

We Live In A Gilded Age Of Produce. Within The Past Couple

We live in a Gilded age of produce. Within the past couple of years, GMOS replaced our original, natural diet with these â€Å"genetically altered† foods. GMO, or genetically modified organism, is defined as â€Å"a plant, animal, microorganism, or other organism whose genetic makeup has been modified using recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), gene modification, or transgenic technology† (Non-GMO Project). What may be perceived as healthy salad at first glance, may just be a bowl of genetically modified â€Å"food†. These are underlying problems not recognized by most of the public. The use of GMOs creates endless risks and pose a threat to the environment, genetic diversity, and future. Using genetically modified seeds cuts the usage of†¦show more content†¦The companies are tricking farmers into thinking that their seeds are better for the environment, when really they are not. â€Å"Toxins from Bt seeds are released through the roots and can last in the soil for at least 234 days†. The main reason why DDT in soil lasts so long is because it â€Å"binds strongly to soil particles† (Deepak). These toxins can be leached down into the groundwater, contaminating water sources. Bt toxin can also be absorbed through other plants roots and then be eaten by animals, poisoning them. Farmers claim that they save money by using Bt seeds because they do not use pesticides, but the difference in cost is made up by the cost of the seeds: â€Å"Thompson’s soybean and corn yields are well above county average and even as the US government continues to bail out indebted farmers, Thompson is making money. He profits from both his healthy soil and crops , and from the fact that his â€Å"input† costs for chemical fertilizer, pesticides, and so forth-are almost nil† (Halweil). Thompson is an organic farmer who does not use many pesticides and makes a profit very close to what a typical farmer makes. Although Bt seeds supposedly use less pesticides, they still release toxic chemicals into the ground which is extremely harmful to the soil. Genetically transferring genes from one organism to another may sound like something in a sci-fi movie, but now it is happening more than ever. Snipping desired traits from variousShow MoreRelatedMonuments of Dr. Jose P. Rizal Around the World5518 Words   |  23 Pagessquad and on the other side is one of his poems. The central bronze figure is of Dr Rizal. The bronze figures around the sculpture were cast in Switzerland. Dr Rizals remains are buried within the monument. Inscription: I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves – for his country and for others dear to him. To the memory of Jose RizalRead MoreThe Artistic Ambition Of Henry James7075 Words   |  29 Pagesexamine it. At an early age, James wanted to be an artist, but like his protagonist Rowland Mallet, he is too amateurish. All the same, Henry James develops a deep understanding of the arts, further cultivated in the salons and art galleries of the old world. In Europe, James would write his greatest novels — juxtaposing it with the new world of America. Drinking from the cornucopia of European experience, James develops a high appreciation of the arts as a way with which â€Å"the past is made a part of theRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 Pagesteeth and gentle manners, are different from a European crowd. Then the vastness of England swallows you up, and you lose for a while your feeling that the whole nation has a single identifiable character. Are there really such things as nations? Are we not forty-six million individuals, all different? And the diversity of it, the chaos! The clatter of clogs in the Lancashire mill towns, the to-and-fro of the lorries on the Great North Road, the queues outside the Labour Exchanges, the rattle of pin-tablesRead MoreCeramics: Pottery and Clay17443 Words   |  70 Pagese. OTHER RELATED TOPICS †¢BINDAPUR POTTERS AS DOCUMENTED IN 1980 †¢ABUNDANT BEAUTY †¢ANDALUCIA’S NEW GOLDEN POTTERY †¢HE ONGGI POTTERS OF KOREA SUMMARY RECOMMENDATION BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION As our generation change into a modern period, until now we still recognize the nature of CERAMICS as the one of the greatest art work in every nations. Today, the term is commonly used to describe a material used in pottery. The earliest recorded ceramics were the result of various mixtures and base - combinations

Psychology - Life With (or Without) Father Essay - 1473 Words

What was the purpose of this study? This study had three purposes. The first purpose of this study was to better understand the effects of fathers’ antisocial behaviors have on their children while differentiating between those fathers who have very antisocial behavior with those that have very little. The second purpose was the find out if the effects of a father’s being in his child’s life was the same in every family. The third purpose in this study was to find out whether the children of antisocial fathers were going to develop behavioral problems from both genetic and environmental risks. What hypothesis or hypotheses did the authors test in this study? The author’s felt the father’s antisocial behavior would affect the results in†¦show more content†¦In a study done called Fragile Families Study came up with the findings that unwed fathers were more likely to use illegal drugs, to partake in domestic abuse and experience depression. It is these activities, that the father may partake in, that is considered as antisocial. The Environmental Risk Longitudinal Study provided information that enabled questions to be answered in this current study by the variety of antisocial behaviors and the usage of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Who were the participants in the study? The participants in this study were two birth cohorts (1994 amp;1995) of same-sex twins and their parents from Wales and England. 56% were monozygotic and 44% were dizygotic twin pairs. The participants were members of the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study to study how genetic and environmental factor’s can shape a child’s development and specifically how a father’s role in his child’s life, (whether living with or away from the child and whether he is very antisocial or just a little) can affect the child’s own behavior and conduct. Out of 15,906 pairs of twins born, 71% joined the study. The children were all around the age of five as data was collected within 120 days of the twin’s fifth birthday. Several of the 1,210 families that were used in this study had to be excluded out of the findings due to them moving or them not being able to speak English. What did the participants do? About 2 researchers went to twoShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at Anna Freud1346 Words   |  5 Pagescan also be said about non creative minds. If a person gets everything given to them such as a rich person, they don’t have to work towards a goal and do not have to come up with any new ways to do anything. Anna Freud accomplished a lot through her life time from her childhood until her death and even after. Anna Freud was the daughter of Sigmund and Martha Freud of Vienna. She was the youngest of six children. She was born December 3, 1895. She went to school at the private school, Cottage LucreumRead MoreAnna Freud1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthe field of psychology between the years 1850 and 1950 is not an easy task as there is more than one woman who made significant contributions to the field of Psychology. Out of those talented women Anna Freud, overshadows her colleagues. Anna can be considered to have a fascinating background, which influenced her later development of unique theoretical perspectives. Her father, Sigmund Freud famous for his multiple theories about the mind he is regarded as the founder of psychology probably influencedRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Neurotic Need, And Neo Freudian Psychology894 Words   |  4 Pagesher findings of feminine psychology, theory of neurotic need, and neo-freudian psychology. What attracted me most to Karen Horney was the relation I share d with her suffering from depression growing up. 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Also, as for how well Sam could stand up for what he believed as a father with many obstacles and struggles despised ofRead MoreA Russian American Psychologist, Urie Brofenbrenner1721 Words   |  7 Pages until moving in Letchworth Village in New York where his father work as a research director and clinical physiologist at the New York State Institution for the mentally retarded. For education, he attended high school and Haverstraw, New York; after graduation he pursued a double major in psychology and music at Cornell U niversity, a master’s degree in education from Harvard University in 1940, and a doctorate in developmental psychology from the University of Michigan. He, then, servedRead MoreEffects Of Maternal Separation On Children s Development1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe bond that a child and their parents or caregivers form plays a vital role in the child’s life. 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Upon graduation from Furman, one of John’s professors turned mentor Gordon Moore helped him make the next step, and the followingRead MoreHistory of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud 1346 Words   |  6 Pagesvisionaries dominated in the philosophical contributions to the psychology as a formal discipline; however, many prominent women pioneered major roles in psychology history between 1850 and 1950 (Goodwin, 2005). Freud Sigmund was not only among the Freudian to build credibility in psychology field, this is because Anna Freud-her youngest daughter took career in psychology and made important contributions in the history of psychology. The paper will discuss the background of Anna, her theoretical

Apple Logo Paper Essay Example For Students

Apple Logo Paper Essay Apple Logo Paper Trudy Swearingen Visual Literacy in Business Ray Schafer August 15, 2010 The Apple icon is probably one of the most recognizable logos I can recall. From the rainbow colored version designed by Rob Janoff and implemented in 1976, to the slick silver monochromatic version used today, it clearly conveys the Apple brand without so much as a word spoken about it. With simplicity of design, lack of mentioning the company name in print, its underlying message of â€Å"fresh† and an edge of anarchy, Apple clearly achieved what few companies have in history. They made us all think of them when we see a silver bitten apple. I was probably first introduced to Apple in the mid eighties by my techie nerd boyfriend at the time, who absolutely loved computers. It was a toss-up between going with Apple computers or going with the Amiga. Amiga won because it talked. The original Apple emblem included a drawing of Isaac Newton under the proverbial apple tree. The Isaac Newton logo was eliminated about 1 year after the company began, because the logo was considered too complicated, old fashioned, and too difficult to see the details without being so large it was impractical (The Apple Museum, Apple Facts). The logo, being simple and basic in design, also conveys a fresh approach to home computer use. Meaning that, the user could expect to have a much easier time setting up and running the computer. With Apple, the commands are icon based instead of command driven which can get very complicated for the average user like me. In the movie, Forrest Gump, we watched Forrest receive his check from Apple due to his typically accidental investment in the start up of the company. I remember seeing the rainbow Apple logo and knowing immediately what company they were inferring, without them ever having to expound on it. It is so affixed on our subconscious that they do not even add the name of the company on the logo. I believe the creators intended for us to correlate the bitten apple to the book of Genesis from the Bible where Adam ate from the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil (Advertising Society Reviews article â€Å"The Interpretation of Advertisements† by William M. OBarr Paragraph 12). They may further want us to extrapolate that there was some inherent â€Å"good† in the Apple products vs IBM or others. Perhaps as the author Berger, in Seeing is Believing: An Introduction to Visual Communication 2008, Chapter 1, Page 4, discusses Sigmund Freuds theory, the designers of the Apple logo wanted to engage the id of the consumer which may compel them subconsciously to want to partake in that illicit knowledge as well. In Advertising ; Society Reviews article â€Å"The Interpretation of Advertisements† by William M. OBarr Paragraph 14, the author relates the connection between Apple to its consumer base of â€Å"hipsters† vs boring businessmen. This could be displayed in the reverse color structure of the rainbow logo which is said to have symbolized a bit of anarchy or rebellion against the establishment. I believe that is the direct link the company has always wanted to establish, and has arguably accomplished better than any other company to date. In short, the Apple logo while changing from time to time, remains indelibly imprinted on my mind and I am sure, on the minds of most Americans, as one of the most recognizable product identifications ever. References Berger, A. (2008). Seeing is Believing: An Introduction to Visual Communication. New York: McGraw Hill O’Barr, W. (2010). The Interpretation of Advertisements. Advertising ; Society Review Advertising Educational Foundation 7:3 Retrieved August 15, 2010 from http://www. aef. com/search_out? query=Interpretation+of+Advertisements | Foljanty, L. Apple Museum. Retrieved August 16, 2010 from http://www. theapplemuseum. com/index. php? id=44

Women In Buddhism Essays - Housewife, Marriage, Gender Studies

Women In Buddhism The men may have started this war, but the women are running it. In the beginning of the war, around 1941, most American women lived as their mothers previously had. Women were supposed to have jobs just until they were married and those who did work after they were married or were mothers were regarded with a sense of pity and scorn from society. In a pre-war poll, 82 percent of Americans believed a wife should not work if her husband did. A majority of Americans believed there should have been a law to prohibit it since rural and city women, alike spent about 50 hours a week on household chores alone. When the war began it became apparent that more workers were needed. However, women were among the last groups hired. Managers believed that women would take more interest in male workers than they would with the factory machines. As the war progressed and more men were shipped out for military duty, all the men that could work in the United States were so there was no other choice but to hire women. In response the need for more workers, 6.5 million women entered the work force. Factories and companies, as well as special branches of military service tried to lure women into taking jobs by comparing the housework they did everyday to the work they would be doing in their new jobs. One billboard even stated, If youve followed the recipes in making cakes, you can learn to load a shell. Women in America accounted for one third of the work force during World War II. In the beginning of the war, most of the women who worked were single but shortly thereafter the need for wartime workers increased so greatly the factories began recruiting housewives as well. By 1943, housewife workers outnumbered single workers for the first time in history.Throughout the war women went to work in shipyards, aircraft plants and other assembly lines. They also loaded shells, operated cranes, painted ships. Many of them became welders, bus drivers, train conductors, mechanics, bellhops, nurses and day-care providers. Women comprised a third of the workers in aircraft plants and about 10 percent of the workers at the shipyards and steel mills were women. Although most war work was in factories, many women found work elsewhere. Many became secretaries and clerks in Washington D.C. and more than 200,000 women entered the special branches of the military. Such branches include Womens Army Corp (WAC), Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and Womens Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS). These military positions allowed women to take over tasks for soldiers so they could be free to go to combat. Although women participated in jobs extremely similar to men, they were not treated equally. For the long hours women put in, their salaries averaged only 60 percent of mens. However, the greatest struggle for American women throughout the war was not simply the issue of money. The working life was difficult for these women. They would work eight to ten hours, often on a night or overnight shift and there were long rides home. When many of these women returned home from work they had to worry about their families and children. There were lines to buy food and other products and very appliances in their households to help with cooking and cleaning. World War II gave women a patriotic excuse to leave their homes. A Department of Labor poll found that 85 percent of women in the United Auto Workers union wanted to keep their jobs after the war ended. However, after the war more than 1.3 million women were released in late 1945. Current Events